
Monetary policies have traditionally not been concerned with the subject of inequality, even when their role has been to help the economy achieve full employment. Rather, policymakers have generally limited themselves to a macroeconomic approach guided by statistics such as aggregate growth, inflation, unemployment rates and average wage rates. But in recent years, the subject has made its way onto the agenda of a growing number of central bankers.
Former Fed Chairwoman Janet Yellen set this change in motion and seems to have attracted a certain number of monetary policy followers. In the United States, Neel Kashkari, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, has often voiced his support of this approach. In January 2017, with Ms. Yellen’s support, he even went so far as to create the “Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute”, whose mission is to promote research that “will increase economic opportunity and inclusive growth and help the Federal Reserve achieve its maximum employment mandate”.
In Europe, the topic has become an important factor in Mario Draghi’s adjustments to monetary policy over the last two years. As Janet Yellen began to do in January 2014 by developing a series of complementary unemployment indicators, so the ECB chairman has regularly made reference to labor market slack and called attention to the risk of relying solely on the unemployment rate, which has become less and less representative of economic reality. He regularly speaks of underemployment, forced part-time work and multiple jobs to justify the continuation of hyper-accommodative monetary policy despite clearly improved economic conditions in the euro zone since the start of last year.






Les taux d’intérêt ont peu réagi à ces évolutions jusqu’à présent. Cet état de fait pourrait ne pas durer, si, comme nous le pensons, la baisse des cours du pétrole se poursuit et entraîne dans son sillage les métaux, dont les hausses de prix de ces derniers mois trouvent bien peu de justification fondamentale.
La validation d’un tel scénario changerait bougrement la donne : anticipations d’inflation, taux d’intérêt, marchés des changes, performance relative des bourses émergentes et des différents secteurs en seraient affectés. Au total, la probabilité que les développements de ces dernières semaines se débouclent aussi vite qu’ils se sont formés semble loin d’être négligeable. Si de tels ajustements peuvent être en mesure d’atténuer les pressions baissières sur les indices provoquées par les craintes de remontées trop rapides des taux d’intérêt, ils mettraient en revanche, bel et bien, à l’écart le scénario de reflation plébiscité par les marchés depuis la mi-décembre. De quoi, dans le meilleur des cas, temporiser la correction des indices, pas forcément leur permettre de retrouver leurs points hauts récents…